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''This page transcribes Russian (written in Cyrillic script) using the IPA. For a quick overview of Russian pronunciation, see WP:IPA for Russian''. Many languages, including English, contain words most likely borrowed from the Russian language. Not all of the words are truly fluent Russian or Slavic origin. Some of them co-exist in other Slavic languages and it is difficult to decide whether they made English from Russian or, say, from Bulgarian. Some other words are borrowed or constructed from the classical ancient languages, such as Latin or Greek. Still others are themselves borrowed from indigenous peoples that Russians have come into contact with in Russian or Soviet territory. Compared to other source languages, very few of the words borrowed into English come from Russian.〔, citing 〕 Direct borrowing first began with contact between England and Russia in the 16th century and picked up heavily in the 20th century with the establishment of the Soviet Union as a major world power. Most of them are used to denote things and notions specific to Russia, Russian culture, politics, history, especially well-known outside Russia. Some others are in mainstream usage, independent of any Russian context. ==Common== -nik, a borrowed suffix (also used in Yiddish) Babushka〔 (Russian: ба́бушка "grandmother", "granny" or just an old woman), a headscarf folded diagonally and tied under the chin (this meaning is absent in the Russian language). Also unlike in the Russian language, the accent is made on ''u'' instead the first ''a''. Balalaika〔 (Russian: балала́йка, ) (Tartar origin) A triangle-shaped mandolin-like musical instrument with three strings. Balaclava (Russian: Балаклава) (Tartar origin) A knitted hat that covers the face. First used in the British army during the Crimean war of 1853-56. From the name of the town of Balaklava, russified Tartar 'Baliqlava'. This usage in Russian is fairly recent and comes from English. Bridge game (from the Old East Slavic: бирич ''biritch''). Cosmonaut〔 Russian: космона́вт (IPA , a Russian or Soviet astronaut. (from κόσμος ''kosmos'', a Greek word, which in Russian stands for 'outer space', rather than 'world' or 'universe', and ''nautes'' 'sailor', thus 'space sailor'; the term ''cosmonaut'' was first used in 1959; the near similar word "cosmonautic" had been coined in 1947). ''Cosmodrome'' (by analogy with ''aerodrome'') was coined to refer to a launching site for Russian spacecraft.〔 Gulag (Russian ГУЛА́Г, acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно-Трудовых Лагерей и колоний) (Russian acronym for ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'', The Chief Administration (or Directorate) of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies.) # (historical) In the former Soviet Union, an administered system of corrective labor camps and prisons. # ''(figurative)'' A coercive institution, or an oppressive environment. Intelligentsia (Russian: интеллиге́нция ; from Latin intelligence, ''intelligentia'' from ''inter'' "between", and ''legare'' "to choose") # The part of a nation (originally in pre-revolutionary Russia) having aspirations to intellectual activity, a section of society regarded as possessing culture and political initiative; ''plural'' the members of this section of a nation or society. # In the former Soviet Union, the intellectual elite. Kazakh (Russian: каза́х) (Russian, late 16th century, ''Kazak'', from Turkic meaning "vagabond" or "nomad", name of the ethnicity was transliterated into English from Russian spelling. The self-appellation is "Kazak" or "Qazaq".) Kazakh people. Knout (Russian: кнут ) perhaps from Swedish ''knutpiska'', a kind of whip, or Germanic origin ''Knute'', Dutch ''Knoet'', Anglo-Saxon ''cnotta'', English ''knot'') A whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia; the punishment inflicted by the knout. Kopeck (Russian: копе́йка, ; derives from the Russian (копьё 'spear') a reference to the image of a rider with a spear on the coins minted by Moscow after the capture of Novgorod in 1478) A Russian currency, a subunit of Ruble, 100 kopecks is equal to 1 ruble. Kremlin (Russian: кремль ; Russian for "fortress", "citadel" or "castle") A citadel or fortified enclosure within a Russian town of city, especially the Kremlin of Moscow; (the Kremlin) Metonym for the government of the former USSR, and to a lesser of extent of Russian post-Soviet government. Mammoth (Russian: ма́монт ''mamont'' , from Yakut мамонт ''mamont'', probably ''mama'', "earth", perhaps from the notion that the animal burrowed in the ground) Any various large, hairy, extinct elephants of the genus ''Mammuthus'', especially the woolly mammoth. 2. (adjective) Something of great size. Matryoshka also Russian nested doll, stacking doll, Babushka doll, or Russian doll (Russian: матрёшка . A set of brightly colored wooden dolls of decreasing sizes placed one inside another. "Matryoshka" is a derivative of the Russian female first name "Matryona", which is traditionally associated with a corpulent, robust, rustic Russian woman. Pogrom (from Russian: погро́м; from "громи́ть" ''gromit'' "to destroy"; the word came to English through Yiddish פאָגראָם c.1880–1885)() # (early 20th century) A riot against Jews. # ''(general)'' An organized, officially tolerated attack on any community or group. # (transitive verb) Massacre or destroy in a pogrom. Ruble (Rouble) (from Russian: рубль ''rubl'' , from Old Russian рубли ''rubli'' "cut" or "piece", probably originally a piece cut from a silver ingot bar (grivna) from Russian руби́ть, ''rubiti'' meaning "to chop". Historically, "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna), hence the name. An alternate etymology may suggest the name comes from the Russian noun рубе́ц, rubets, i.e., the seam that is left around the coin after casting: silver was added to the cast in two goes. Therefore, the word ruble means "a cast with a seam".) The Russian unit of currency. Sable (from Russian: ''sobol'' – со́боль , ultimately from Persian سمور ''samor'') A carnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family native to Northern Europe and Asia. Samovar (Russian: самова́р, IPA: (Russian само ''samo'' "self" and варить ''varit'' "to boil" hence "self-boil") A traditional Russian tea urn, with an internal heating device for heating water for tea and keep the water at boiling point. Sputnik (Russian: "спу́тник" - "satellite" (in space and astronomy), in Russian its initial meaning is "travelling companion" from ''s'' "co-" + ''put'' "way" or "journey" + noun suffix ''-nik'' person connected with something; it means "satellite" when referring to astronomy related topics) # In English, the best known meaning is the name of a series of unmanned artificial earth satellites launched by the Soviet Union from 1957 to the early 1960s; especially ''Sputnik 1'' which on October 4, 1957 became the first man-made object to orbit the earth. Taiga (Russian: тайга́, originally from Mongolian or Turkic). The swampy, coniferous forests of high northern latitudes, especially referring to that between the tundra and the steppes of Siberia. Troika (Russian: тро́йка "threesome" or "triumvirate") # (mid 19th century) A Russian vehicle, either a wheeled carriage or a sleigh, drawn by three horses abreast. # A Russian folk dance with three people, often one man and two women. # (historical) a) In the former Soviet Union, a commission headed by three people; especially NKVD Troika. b) In the former Soviet Union, a group of three powerful Soviet leaders; especially referring to the 1953 Troika of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov that briefly ruled the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin. # A group of three people or things working together, especially in an administrative or managerial capacity. Ushanka (Russian: уша́нка ), or shapka-ushanka the word derives from rus. "уши" "ushi" - ears (and also flaps of ushanka) - ear-flaps hat, a type of cap (Russian: ша́пка shapka) made of fur with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of English words of Russian origin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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